木乃伊的英语读音(mummies)
木乃伊的英语读音(mummies)
mummy 英 [ˈmʌmi] 美 [ˈmʌmi]
n.(儿语)妈咪;木乃伊;经处理保存的人体或动物干尸
复数： mummies
例句：What has happened to the mummy of an Egyptian woman recently?
最近一具埃及妇女的木乃伊经受了什么事情？
相似短语
sugar mummy n. 有年轻情人的老妇人
mummy case 古代装木乃伊的箱(外面雕刻并绘有死者形象)
mummy porn 妈妈情色（出自于小说《五十度的灰》的书评，但作者EJ・詹姆斯认为这是她听到过的有史以来最诋毁女性的词语。）
toilet mummy phr. 马桶木乃伊（有的人特别担心马桶座圈的细菌，就用一大堆厕纸厚厚地铺在座圈上，把马桶座圈裹得像个木乃伊。这就叫“马桶木乃伊”。）
yummy mummy n. 漂亮妈妈，性感妈妈 Yummy mummy指名人妈妈，相对于很多为了宝宝忙上忙下，根本就没时间考虑到自己的外貌的普通妈妈们，名人妈妈因为有很多助手帮忙，不像一般妈妈们那么受累，有充裕的时
Mummy cloth 马米绉
mummy's boy 【口】=mama's boy
dry as a mummy 干极了, 十分干 燥
as dry as a mummy 干得象木乃伊一样, 十分干燥
beat to a mummy v. 打烂
扩展资料：
木乃伊的处理过程
1、立即把最易腐烂的内脏部分掏出。通常是在尸体的左侧切开一个口子，把肝、肺、胃和肠子等内脏全部拿出来，把死亡物的脑髓通过筛骨从鼻孔中抽出，但心脏不拿。因为古代埃及人认为，心脏是思维和理解的器官，必须留在体内。
2、对内脏和体腔进行防腐处理，先用棕榈酒或椰枣酒将它们彻底清洗消毒，然后在内脏上撒一层捣碎的香料，把它们放进四个坛子里存放起来；对于消毒后的体腔，先填进用布包的泡碱和其它临时填充物，然后把它放置于干燥的泡碱粉里约四十天，最后细心地缝上刀口。
3、将已处理过的尸体涂上一层油膏或松香溶液，然后用白色亚麻布将指、掌、脚和驱干依次裹起来，死者的鼻子有时会因抽取脑髓而遭到破坏，这时要安上一个木制的假鼻子，眼窝里也要用布堵上或安上人造眼睛。
4、把死亡物的两手交叉在胸前，装入石棺，有时还在外面再加上一个棺材盖。这样，一个木乃伊就完成了。
参考资料来源：百度百科——木乃伊
The English word mummy is derived from medieval Latin mumia
a borrowing of the Persian or Arabic word mūmiyyah (مومية)
which me "bitumen". (Because of the blackened skin of bitumen was once thought to be used extensively in ancient Egyptian embalming procedures. Asphalt and tar are forms of bitumen.) Main Entry: 1mum·my Pronunciation: 'm-mE Function: noun Inflected Form(s): plural mummies Etymology: Middle English mummie powdered parts of a mummified body used as a drug
from Anglo-French mumie
from Medieval Latin mumia mummy
powdered mummy
from Arabic mumiya bitumen
mummy
from Persian mum wax 1 a : a body embalmed or treated for burial with preservatives in the manner of the ancient Egypti b : a body unusually well preserved 2 : one resembling a mummy
参考: en. *** /wiki/Mummy merriamwebster/dictionary/mummy
It is 源自 *** 语
mummy (源自 *** 语 mumiya 涂香油的尸体波斯语 mum 蜡)
木乃伊
[词典] mummy; [电影] Mummy;
[例句]他们建造了金字塔并将他们的国王制成了木乃伊。
They built the pyramids and turned their kings into mummies.
下面是从维基百科收录的英文版关于木乃伊的介绍，希望能帮到你。
Mummy
A mummy is a corpse whose skin and flesh have been preserved by either intentional or incidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of air when bodies are submerged in bogs. The oldest mummified head is 6000 year old; found in 1936, but first dated in 2005 at the Zürich' AMS facility, see [1], was presented at the XVth UISPP Congress in 2006. Mummies of humans and other animals have been found throughout the world, both as a result of natural preservation through unusual conditions, and as cultural artifacts to preserve the dead.
The best known mummies are those that have been deliberately embalmed with the specific purpose of preservation, particularly those in ancient Egypt, where not only humans but also a large variety of animals were mummified. Ancient Greek historians record that the Persians sometimes mummified their kings and nobility in wax, though this practice has never been documented in Egypt. The body of a Persian Princess which surfaced in 2004 in Pakistan turned out to have been forged. In China, preserved corpses have been recovered from submerged cypress coffins packed with medicinal herbs. Although Egyptian mummies are the most famous, the oldest mummies recorded are the Chinchorro mummies from northern Chile and southern Peru. Also among the oldest is Uan Muhuggiag which is a place in the central Sahara, and the name of the mummy of a small boy found there in 1958 by Professor Fabrizio Mori. The mummy displays a highly sophisticated mummification technique, and at around 5,500 years old is older than any comparable Ancient Egyptian mummy. The monks of Palermo in Sicily began mummifying their dead in 1599, and gradually other members of the community wished to have their bodies preserved as a status symbol. The last person to be mummified there died in the 1920s. The Capuchin catacombs of Palermo contain thousands of bodies, many which are clothed and standing, however in many cases the preservation was not successful with only the skeleton and clothing surviving.
Ancient Egypt
Main article: Ancient Egyptian burial customs
A mummy in the British Museum.
Although mummification existed in other cultures, eternal life was the main focus of all Ancient Egyptians, which meant preserving the body forever. Egyptian culture believed the body was home in the afterlife to a person's Ka and Ba, without which it would be condemned to eternal wandering.
The earliest known Egyptian "mummified" individual dates back to approximately 3300 BC. This individual, nicknamed 'Ginger' because of the color of his hair, is not internationally renowned despite being older than other famous mummies, such as Rameses II or Seti I. Currently on display in the British Museum, Ginger was discovered buried in hot desert sand. Desert conditions can naturally preserve bodies so it is uncertain whether the mummification was intentional or not. However, since Ginger was buried with some pottery vessels it is likely that the mummification was a result of preservation techniques of those burying him. Stones might have been piled on top to prevent the corpse from being eaten by jackals and other scavengers and the pottery might have held food and drink which was later believed to sustain the deceased during the journey to the other world. While there are no written records of religion from that time, the beliefs of those who buried Ginger could have resembled the later religion to some extent.[citation needed]
A mummified monkey at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo
The earliest technique of deliberate mummification, as used ca. 3000 BC, was minimal and not yet mastered. The organs were eventually removed (with the exception of the heart) and stored in canopic jars, allowing the body to be more well-preserved as it rested. Occasionally embalmers would break the bone behind the nose, and break the brain into small pieces in order that it could be pulled out through the nasal passage. The embalmers would then fill the skull with thick plant-based resin or plant resin sawdust.[citation needed]
It also wasn’t until the Middle Kingdom that embalmers used natural salts to remove moisture from the body. The salt-like substance natron dried out and preserved more flesh than bone. Once dried, mummies were ritualistically anointed with oils and perfumes. The 21st Dynasty brought forth its most advanced skills in embalming and the mummification process reached its peak. The bodies' abdomens were opened and all organs, except for the heart, were removed and preserved in Canopic jars. The brain, thought to be useless, was pulled out through the nose with hooks, then discarded. It was also drained through the nose after being liquefied with the same hooks.
The emptied body was then covered in natron, to speed up the process of dehydration and prevent decomposition. Natron dries the body up faster than desert sand, preserving the body better. Often finger and toe protectors were placed over the mummy's fingers and toes to prevent breakage. They were wrapped with strips of white linen that protected the body from being damaged. After that, they were wrapped in a sheet of canvas to further protect them. Many sacred charms and amulets were placed in and around the mummy and the wrappings. This was meant to protect the mummy from harm and to give good luck to the Ka of the mummy. Once preserved, the mummies were laid to rest in a sarcophagus inside a tomb, where it was believed that the mummy would rest eternally. In some cases the mummy's mouth would later be opened in a ritual designed to symbolize breathing, giving rise to legends about revivified mummies.[1]
Over 1 million animal mummies have been found in Egypt, many of which are cats.[2]
Egyptian mummies as a commodity
* In the Middle Ages, based on a mis-translation from Arabic it became common practice to grind mummies preserved in bitumen into a powder to be sold and used as medicine. When actual mummies became unavailable, the sun-desiccated corpses of criminals, slaves and suicidal people were substituted by mendacious merchants.[3] The practice developed into a wide-scale business which flourished until the late 16th century. Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties against bleeding, and were sold as pharmaceuticals in powdered form as in Mellified Man.[4]
* Artists also made use of Egyptian mummies; the brownish paint known as Caput mortuum (Latin for death's head) was originally made from the wrappings of mummies. It was most popular in the 17th century but was discontinued in the early 19th century when its composition became generally known to artists.
* In the 19th century, European aristocrats would occasionally entertain themselves by purchasing mummies, having them unwrapped, and holding observation sessions.[5] These sessions destroyed hundreds of mummies, because the exposure to the air caused them to disintegrate.
* An urban myth of mummies being used as fuel for locomotives was popularized by Mark Twain,[6] but the truth of the story remains a debate.
* During the American Civil War, mummy-wrapping linens were said to have been used to manufacture paper.[6][7] Evidence for the reality of these claims is still equivocal.[8][9]
* Many thousands of mummified cats were sent from Egypt to England to be processed for use in fertilizer.[10]
Scientific study of Egyptian mummies
Mummy in the British Museum
Egyptian mummies became much sought-after by museums worldwide in the 19th and early 20th centuries and many exhibit mummies today. Notably fine examples are exhibited at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, at the Ägyptisches Museum in Berlin, and at the British Museum in London. The Egyptian city of Luxor is also home to a specialized Mummification Museum. The mummified remains of what turned out to be Ramesses I ended up in a "Daredevil Museum" near Niagara Falls on the United States–Canada border; records indicate that it had been sold to a Canadian in 1860 and exhibited alongside displays such as a two-headed calf for nearly 140 years, until a museum in Atlanta, Georgia, which had acquired the mummy along with other artifacts, determined it to be royal and returned it to Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities. It is currently on display in the Luxor Museum.
More recently, science has also taken interest in mummies. Dr. Bob Brier, an Egyptologist, has been the first modern scientist attempted to recreate a mummy using the ancient Egyptian method. Mummies have been used in medicine to calibrate CAT scan machines at levels of radiation that would be too dangerous for use on living people. In fact, mummies can be studied without unwrapping them using CAT scan and X-ray machines to form a digital image of what's inside. They have been very useful to biologists and anthropologists, as they have provided a wealth of information about the health and life expectancy of ancient people.
Scientists interested in cloning the DNA of mummies have recently reported findings of clonable DNA in an Egyptian mummy dating to circa 400 BC.[11] Although analysis of the hair of Ancient Egyptian mummies from the Late Middle Kingdom has revealed evidence of a stable diet,[12] Ancient Egyptian mummies from circa 3200 BC show signs of severe anaemia and hemolytic disorders.[13]
Parasite remains found in mummies from Egypt, Latin America, Europe and Greenland have provided archaeoparasitologists with valuable information on the history and spread of several parasitic diseases in humans.[14]
Natural mummies
A naturally mummified seahorse
Mummies that are formed as a result of naturally-occurring environmental conditions, such as extreme coldness (Ötzi the Iceman, the Ice Maiden), acid (Tollund Man), salinity (Salt Man), or desiccating dryness (Tarim mummies), have been found all over the world. More than a thousand Iron Age corpses, so called bog bodies, have been found in bogs in northern Europe, such as the Yde Girl and the Lindow Man.[15] Natural mummification of other animal species also occurs; this is most common in species from shallow saline water environments, especially those with a body structure which is particularly favourable to this process, such as seahorses and starfish. Old mummies such as the dinosaurs Leonardo and Dakota in America were very valuable discoveries.
Europe
Italy
Main article: Ötzi the Iceman
Natural mummification is fairly rare, requiring specific conditions to occur, but it has produced some of the oldest known mummies. The most famous ancient mummy is Ötzi the Iceman, frozen in a glacier in the Ötztal Alps around 3300 BC and found in 1991.
Bog bodies
Main article: Bog bodies
The United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Denmark have all produced a number of bog bodies, mummies of people deposited in sphagnum bogs, apparently as a result of murder or ritual sacrifices. In such cases, the acidity of the water, cold temperature and lack of oxygen combined to tan the body's skin and soft tissues. The skeleton typically disintegrates over time. Such mummies are remarkably well-preserved on emerging from the bog, with skin and internal organs intact; it is even possible to determine the deceased's last meal by examining the stomach. A famous case is that of the Haraldskær Woman, who was discovered by labourers in a bog in Jutland in 1835. She was erroneously identified as an early medieval Danish queen, and for that reason was placed in a royal sarcophagus at the Saint Nicolai Church, Vejle, where she currently remains.
Guanches mummies
Mummy of San Andrés in Museo de la Naturaleza y el Hombre (Tenerife, Canarias).
Main article: Guanches
The aboriginal guanches of the Canary Isles, embalmed their dead; many mummies have been found in an extreme state of desiccation, each weighing not more than 6 or 7 pounds. Their method was similar to that of the former Egyptians. The process of embalming seems to have varied. In Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the corpse was simply wrapped up in goat and sheep skins, while on other islands, a resinous substance was used to preserve the body, which was then placed in a cave difficult to access, or buried under a tumulus. The work of embalming was reserved for a special class, women for female corpses, men for male. Embalming seems not to have been universal, and bodies were often simply hidden in caves or buried. Of the lean mummies, guanches stand out San Andrés's Mummy (Tenerife).
In South America
Peruvian mummy at the Carmo Convent (Lisbon).
Main article: Chinchorro mummies
Some of the best-preserved mummies date from the Inca period in Peru and Chile some 500 years ago, where children were ritually sacrificed and placed on the summits of mountains in the Andes. Also found in this area are the Chinchorro mummies, which are among the oldest mummified bodies ever found. The cold, dry climate had the effect of desiccating the corpses and preserving them intact. In 1995, the frozen body of a 12- to 14-year-old Inca girl who had died some time between 1440 and 1450 was discovered on Mount Ampato in southern Peru. Known as "Mummy Juanita" ("Momia Juanita" in Spanish) or "The Ice Maiden", some archaeologists believe that she was a human sacrifice to the Inca mountain god Apus.
In Russia
In the summer of 1993, a team of Russian archaeologists led by Dr. Natalia Polosmak discovered the Siberian Ice Maiden in a sacred area known as the Pastures of Heaven, on the Pontic-Caspian steppe in the Altay Mountains near the Mongolian border. Mummified, then frozen by unusual climatic conditions in the fifth century B.C. along with six decorated horses and a symbolic meal for her last journey, she is believed to have been a shaman of the lost Pazyryk culture. Her body was covered with vivid blue tattoos of mythical animal figures. The best preserved tattoos were images of a donkey, a mountain ram, two highly stylized deer with long antlers and an imaginary carnivore on the right arm. A man found with her (nicknamed "Conan") was also discovered, with tattoos of two monsters resembling griffins decorating his chest and three partially obliterated images which seem to represent two deer and a mountain goat on his left arm. The Ice Maiden has been a source of controversy, as alleged improper care after her removal from the ice resulted in rapid decay of the body; and since the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Altai Republic has demanded the return of various "stolen" artifacts, including the Ice Maiden, who is currently stored in Novosibirsk in Siberia.[16][17]
In North America
In 1972, eight remarkably preserved mummies were discovered at an abandoned Inuit settlement called Qilakitsoq, in Greenland. The "Greenland Mummies" consisted of a six-month old baby, a four year old boy, and six women of various ages, who died around 500 years ago. Their bodies were naturally mummified by the sub-zero temperatures and dry winds in the cave in which they were found.[18][19] The oldest preserved mummy in North America is Kwäday Dän Ts’ínchi ("Long ago person found" in the Southern Tutchone language of the Champagne and Aishihik First Nations), found in August 1999 by three First Nations hunters at the edge of a glacier in Tatshenshini-Alsek Park. It was determined that he had died about 550 years ago and that his preserved remains were the oldest ever discovered in North America.[20]
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Self-mummification
Main article: Sokushinbutsu
The Siberian Buryat lama Dashi-Dorzho Itigilov (1852–1927) aroused considerable interest in recent years, as his body was retrieved in a perfect state of mummification in 2002. Monks whose bodies remain incorrupt without any traces of deliberate mummification are venerated by some Buddhists who believe they successfully were able to mortify their flesh to death. "Buddhists say that only the most advanced masters can fall into some particular condition before death and purify themselves so that his dead body could not decay."[21]
Many Mahayana Buddhist monks were reported to know the time of death and left their last testaments and their students accordingly buried them sitting in lotus posture, put into a vessel with full of such as coal, wood, paper or lime and surrounded by bricks, and be exhumed after usually 3 years. The preserved bodies would be painted with paints and sticked with gold.
Victor H. Mair claims that hundreds of mummified bodies of Tibetan monks were destroyed in China during the Cultural Revolution or were cremated by the Lamaists in order to prevent their desecration. Also according to Mair, the self-mummification of a Tibetan monk, who died ca. 1475 and whose body was retrieved relatively incorrupt in the 1990s, was achieved by the sophisticated practices of meditation, coupled with prolonged starvation and slow self-suffocation using a special belt that connected the neck with his knees in a lotus position.
Bodies purported to be those of self-mummified monks are exhibited in several Japanese shrines, and it has been claimed that the monks, prior to their death, stuck to a sparse diet made up of salt, nuts, seeds, roots, pine bark, and urushi tea.[22] Some of them were buried alive in a pine-wood box full of salt.
赵慈航
木乃伊是古埃及文明的经典文化标志之一。提到木乃伊，多数人想到的都会是人类木乃伊，然而除此以外，古埃及人还制作了数以百万的动物木乃伊——牛、羊、狒狒、狮子、猫、狗、鬣狗、鱼、蝙蝠、猫头鹰、鳄鱼、鼩鼱、蜣螂、猫鼬、鹮、隼鹰、蛇、蜥蜴等等都可以制成木乃伊。将人类死者制成木乃伊无疑是为了完整保存尸首以期在来世获得永生，相比而言，动物木乃伊的具体目的/用途更为多样，由此大致可分为4类：宠物木乃伊、食品木乃伊、神圣动物木乃伊以及请愿木乃伊。
萨卡拉墓场出土的动物木乃伊
鳄鱼木乃伊（约公元前400-公元100年），纽约大都会博物馆藏。
鱼木乃伊（公元前664年-公元前30年），纽约大都会博物馆藏。
早在古王国时期，宠物便出现在墓室壁画之中，足见其与主人的紧密联系，故在主人去世之后一同埋葬。宠物多是自然死亡，在死后被制作成木乃伊然后放入宠物棺椁之中。先于主人死去的宠物会被直接埋入墓中，较主人更为长寿的则会在死后埋于墓室前庭。唯一明确的宠物殉葬案例来自位于阿拜多斯的第1王朝王陵，值得注意的是这里也发现了古埃及历史上罕见的人殉现象。
作为“食品”的动物木乃伊自然不是供生者食用，而是放置于墓中供墓主人在来世享用：图坦卡蒙墓中就有超过40件食品木乃伊。这种木乃伊也多拥有独立的小棺材，有的放在长方形的盒子之中，也有放在篮子或其他容器中的例子。牛、羊、鸭、雁等都可以制成食品木乃伊，而鱼或猪的食品木乃伊目前尚未发现。哺乳动物的肋排、肉排、腿等身体部分也可木乃伊化，在取用整条腿时会砍掉蹄子，针对禽类则会除去羽毛，砍掉头部、翅尖以及爪子。大部分食品木乃伊出自新王国时期的底比斯。
蛇顶动物木乃伊盒（公元前664-公元前30年），纽约大都会博物馆藏。
神明在古埃及并非抽象的存在，作为某位神祇在现实中的“显现”，神圣动物被视作神明本身，受到崇拜与相应的对待，如孟菲斯的阿比斯神牛（对应神祇：普塔与奥塞里斯）、法尤姆的鳄鱼（对应神祇：索贝克）以及象岛的公羊（对应神祇：赫努姆）。这些神圣动物在死后会被制成木乃伊，放入棺材然后埋入特定的墓地。古埃及人认为寄存于神圣动物的神之灵魂会在动物死后“转生”至另一宿主，由此对神圣动物的崇拜便可延续下去。动物崇拜在史前时期便已出现，流行于新王国时期，在后期埃及与希腊罗马时期达到顶峰。
请愿动物木乃伊则是献给对应神祇的供品，以此永久传达奉供人的愿望。猫木乃伊被献给猫女神巴斯特、狒狒与鹮的木乃伊献给图特、犬科动物的木乃伊则献给阿努比斯。这些请愿木乃伊有专门的制作工坊，请愿者可以自行购买。既然涉及买卖，便有商品优劣等级之分。除了精致程度不同的木乃伊本身，木乃伊盒面具（cartonnage mask）、棺椁等配件，在托勒密时期甚至是工艺复杂的铜铸棺，都可以根据需求购买获得。相应地也存在“假冒伪劣”产品，如未包裹任何动物尸体的“中空”木乃伊或仅裹着动物残骸碎片而非完整尸体的“残次”木乃伊。购买之后，神庙祭司负责将它们献给神明然后保存起来。这些木乃伊会在节日时被取出并参与游行，然后埋入地下墓穴直到下一次庆典。这样的地下墓穴在萨卡拉、阿尔曼特等地都有发现。但是也有学者（如Dieter Kessler）认为，这些动物木乃伊可能仅仅是生活并死于神庙区域内的动物，而非请愿专用。无论如何，现存的动物木乃伊绝大多数属于此类。
蜥蜴顶动物木乃伊盒（公元前664-公元前30年），纽约大都会博物馆藏。
那么如何制作动物木乃伊呢？根据文献记载以及对木乃伊本身的研究可以归纳出5种木乃伊制作方法，其中有些仅应用于动物木乃伊的制作。首先是除脏与干燥法（evisceration and desiccation）。在移除脑子、内脏之后，清理尸体，用水和棕榈酒对尸体进行除臭处理，然后使用泡碱对尸体进行干燥化。人类木乃伊完成这一过程需要耗时40天，动物木乃伊的制作时间则取决动物的大小：如阿比斯神牛需要耗费至少52天。尸体干燥后，内外都会涂满圣油然后以亚麻布进行包裹。以此方法制作的最为精致的动物木乃伊来自第18与21王朝，有猴子、狗、羚羊的木乃伊。第二种是干燥与涂油法（desiccation and anointment），步骤大致为清洗肠道、用泡碱使尸体干燥化、涂油、包裹，亦有将黑色不明物质（树脂、沥青等）浇于尸体之上的情况。这种方法是制作请愿木乃伊所采用的最为普遍的方法。第三种为灌肠法（enemas）。灌肠法并不采用割开尸体取出内脏的形式，而是从肛门处注入松油然后塞住，以此溶解内脏。尸体同样使用泡碱进行干燥化处理，然后移除肛塞，清除体内液体，最后再涂油包裹。第四种为去肉法（defleshing），即除去尸体的肉，然后涂抹油和树脂，最后再进行包裹。采用此方法的动物木乃伊全部出自希腊罗马时期。最后一种方法为浸没法（immersion），这种方法通常适用于禽类木乃伊的制作，即将活禽直接浸入煮沸的树脂/沥青之中，是一种高效、经济的木乃伊制作方式。
猫木乃伊（罗马时期），大英博物馆藏。
动物木乃伊最终的呈现形式也是多样的，某些动物有着“标准化”的姿势，如猴子多呈蹲坐状。蛇木乃伊有时呈盘绕状，也有棍状。牛木乃伊则采用斯芬克斯式的姿势。鸟类木乃伊更是多姿多样：鹮呈坐态，头部或扭曲至腹部或紧贴背部；隼鹰则呈站立姿态，有些隼鹰木乃伊乍看形似站立着的人类，在早期发掘中甚至被误认为人类幼儿。
近年来仍有数量众多的动物木乃伊不断被发掘出来，甚至还发现了罕见的幼狮木乃伊。制作木乃伊是古埃及人追求“永恒”的表现，无论是人类还是动物木乃伊，辅以文献考证与科技实验，都将成为了解古埃及人信仰生活的重要物证。
狒狒木乃伊（托勒密时期），大英博物馆藏。
"赝品”隼鹰木乃伊（约公元前400-公元100年），美国大都会博物馆藏。
参考文献：
Salima Ikram, “Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies” in Salima Ikram (ed.), Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt (Cairo, New York: The American University in Cairo Press, 2005), pp. 1-15.
Salima Ikram, “Manufacturing Divinity: The Technology of Mummification” in Salima Ikram (ed.), Divine Creatures: Animal Mummies in Ancient Egypt (Cairo, New York: The American University in Cairo Press, 2005), pp. 16-43.
校对：张艳
mammie、mommy、mammy。mama是妈妈，mami是汉语拼音，老外能够听懂，但不认识这个字。
mummy：妈妈；木乃伊；干瘪的人；
mommy：妈咪；
mammy：妈咪；保姆；
关于妈咪的短语：
1、妈咪 MommummyMommyShirl；
2、摩登妈咪 BEST MOMtop mompreferred mom；
3、妈咪爱 Medilac-VitaOfmombbsmedilc-vit；
4、好妈咪 BABY-MOThat's My Mommygood mum；
5、晚安妈咪 Ich sehGoodnight MommyIch seh, Ich seh；
扩展资料：
关于妈咪的例句：
1、Mammy, I hear it again! 妈咪，我又听到那个声音！
2、Mammy, do you hear that? 妈咪，你听到了吗？
3、She asks, “Mommy, do we know that man? 她问妈妈：“妈咪，我们认识那个人吗？”
4、Where’s Mammy? ——妈咪在哪里？
参考资料：
百度百科-妈
有道词典官网-mammy
